Morocco Today, First Moroccan Eglish Language Newspaper : Legal License: 65/85, ISSN: 0851-5654, Chief Editor: H. B. Qounin  e-mail  phone: 00971507340605

   
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Leila Lalami:

 About the author:Laila Lalami was born and raised in Morocco. She earned her B.A. in English from Universite Mohammed V in Rabat, her M.A. from University College, London, and her Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Southern California. Her work has appeared in The Boston Globe, The Los Angeles Times, The Nation, The New York Times, The Washington Post and elsewhere. She is the recipient of an Oregon Literary Arts grant and a Fulbright Fellowship. Her debut book of fiction, Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits, was published in the fall of 2005 and has since been translated into five languages.

 


About the Book

The news was relegated to the bottom of Le Monde’s online page—fifteen Moroccan immigrants had drowned while crossing the Straits of Gibraltar on a fishing boat. They had left Tangier on a summer night, trying to navigate the short distance—only ten miles—that separates their homeland from Spain, and from the rest of Europe, where they hoped to make a new life for themselves. The boat was overloaded and ill equipped to handle the strong Mediterranean currents, and it capsized a couple of miles away from the coast. There were no survivors.

I read the article from my desk, in Los Angeles, where I was working as a computational linguist. By then, I had been living in America for eight years and I was always hungry for news about Morocco. I thought at first that the disaster was an isolated incident, a blip, a bizarre turn of events. Over time, however, the incidents seemed to multiply. Nearly every week in the summer of 2001 there was a report about arrests by the coast guards on either side of the Mediterranean.

Soon, there was even a slang term in Moroccan Arabic for these migrants—harragas, meaning ‘those who burn.’ Whether they were burning their papers, their lives, or their futures, I couldn’t tell. I wondered what could compel people to pay large sums of money in order to risk their lives for what would very likely be third-rate jobs. The articles never went beyond superficial details: this one had been unemployed for five years; that one had paid $4,000; this other one was on his third attempt.

I was immediately drawn to these immigrants’ stories, even though they were seemingly so different from my own. I had not had to struggle for a job in Morocco. After finishing my Master’s degree in linguistics, I had been offered two jobs teaching English at the university. I also had a staff position writing for Al-Bayane, a daily newspaper in Morocco. When I decided to pursue a doctorate in America rather than teach, I received my visa within a matter of hours, and the consular officer chatted pleasantly with me across the glass window that separated us.

And yet, there was something in the stories of the harragas that seemed completely familiar to me. Back home, I never had to look very hard or very far to find the kind of misfortune that drives people to desperate acts. A friend of mine had a science degree and several years of teaching experience, but her continued unemployment triggered a long-lasting depression. One of my cousins was unable to find a full-time job, and he and his girlfriend of four years couldn’t get married. Meanwhile, our neighbors’ son immigrated to France and came back every summer, his car stacked with gifts and gadgets. One of the grocery stores down the street from our house had been opened thanks to money sent from Holland by the owner’s son. Many people had begun to look at immigration as a magical solution.

As I started to research this subject, I learned about illegal immigration—what it represents, how it works, who benefits from it. The research, however, amounted to a lot of facts and figures; it didn’t tell me what I wanted to know. I had been writing fiction for many years, and I thought that the answers to my questions might lie in creating a story about a group of harragas. I set the action on a lifeboat, at sea, in the middle of the night. The characters grew over the course of several months. There was Murad, an unemployed young man who feels emasculated by his sister’s ability to provide for the family; Faten, a fanatically religious girl on the run from the law; Halima, a mother who takes her children with her on the boat; and Aziz, a mechanic who leaves his wife behind to try and find a job.

It would seem I have nothing in common with my characters, but I could just as easily have been one of them, if the lottery of life had dealt me different numbers—if I had been poor, if I had not found a job. Perhaps it’s not a coincidence that, like me, Murad has a degree in English, that he’s an avid reader. Or that Faten reminds me of some friends I had in college, who often asked me why I didn’t cover my hair. At the time, I’d shrugged off their comments, but Faten would not be so easily silenced. Maybe it’s not by chance that I started to write about a mother, Halima, just as I was about to become one; and that, like Aziz, I’ve had to contend with the displacement that is part of the immigrant’s life.

 

This was the gift of writing Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits—spending time with my characters. Even after I’d finished my manuscript, they stayed with me. Sometimes, I can still hear them whisper in my ear.

 

I

 

 

Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits

Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits is about four Moroccans who cross the Straits of Gibraltar on a lifeboat in order to immigrate to Spain. Why are they risking their lives? And are the rewards worth it? The answers unfold in a series of narratives, dealing with key events in the characters' past and how their lives are forever changed, for better or for worse, by their decision.

 

Excerpt

Fourteen kilometers. Murad has pondered that number hundreds of times in the last year, trying to decide whether the risk was worth it. Some days, he told himself that the distance was nothing, a brief inconvenience, that the crossing would take as little as thirty minutes if the weather was good. He'd spend hours thinking about what he would do once he was on the other side, imagining the job, the car, the house. Other days, he could think only about the coast guards, the ice-cold water, the money he'd have to borrow, and he'd wonder how fourteen kilometers could separate not just two countries, but two wholly different universes.

Tonight the sea appears calm, with only a slight wind now and then. The captain has ordered all the lights turned off, but with the moon up and the sky clear, Murad can still see around him. The six-meter Zodiac inflatable is meant to accommodate eight people. Thirty huddle in it now-men, women, and children-all with the anxious look of those whose destinies are in the hands of others-the captain, the police, God.

Murad has three layers on: undershirt, turtleneck, and jacket; below, a pair of thermal underwear, jeans, and sneakers. With only three hours' notice, he didn't have time to get waterproof pants. He touches a button on his watch, a Rolex knockoff he bought from a street vendor in Tangier, and the display lights up: 3:15 AM. He scratches at the residue the metal bracelet leaves on his wrist, then pulls his sleeve down to cover the timepiece. Looking around him, he can't help but wonder how much Captain Rahal and his gang stand to make. If the other passengers paid as much as Murad did, the take is almost 600,000 dirhams, enough for an apartment or a small house in a Moroccan beach town like Asilah or Cabo Negro.

He looks at the Spanish coastline, closer with every breath. The waves are inky black, except for hints of foam here and there, glistening white under the moon, like tombstones in a dark cemetery. Murad can make out the town where they're headed. Tarifa. The mainland point of the Moorish invasion in 711. Murad used to regale tourists with anecdotes about how Tariq Ibn Ziyad had led a powerful Moor army across the Straits and, upon landing in Gibraltar, ordered all the boats burned. He'd told his soldiers that they could march forth and defeat the enemy or turn back and die a coward's death. The men had followed their general, toppled the Visigoths, and established an empire that ruled over Spain for more than seven hundred years. Little did they know that we'd be back, Murad thinks. Only instead of a fleet, here we are in an inflatable boat-not just Moors, but a motley mix of people from the ex-colonies, without guns or armor, without even a charismatic leader.

It's worth it, though, Murad tells himself. Some time on this flimsy boat and then a job. It will be hard at first. He'll work in the fields like everyone else, but he'll look for something better. He isn't like the others-he has a plan. He doesn't want to break his back for the spagnol, spend the rest of his life picking their oranges and tomatoes. He'll find a real job, where he can use his training. He has a degree in English and, in addition, he speaks Spanish fluently, unlike some of the harragas.

His leg goes numb. He moves his ankle around. To his left, the girl (he thinks her name is Faten) shifts slightly, so that her thigh no longer presses against his. She looks eighteen, nineteen maybe. "My leg was asleep," he whispers. Faten nods to acknowledge him but doesn't look at him. She pulls her black cardigan tight around her chest and stares down at her shoes. He doesn't understand why she's wearing hijab on her hair for a trip like this. Does she imagine she can walk down the street in Tarifa in a headscarf without attracting attention? She'll get caught, he thinks.

Back on the beach, while they were waiting for Rahal to get ready, Faten sat alone, away from everyone else, as though she were sulking. She was the last one to climb into the boat, and Murad had to move to make room for her. He couldn't understand her reluctance-it didn't seem possible to him that she would have paid so much money and not been eager to leave when the moment came.

Across from Murad is Aziz. He's tall and lanky and he sits hunched over to fit in the narrow space allotted to him. This is his second attempt at crossing the Straits of Gibraltar. He'd told Murad that he'd haggled with Rahal over the price of the trip, argued that, as a repeat customer, he should get a deal. Murad had tried to bargain, too, but in the end, he still had to borrow almost 20,000 dirhams from one of his uncles, and the loan is on his mind again. He'll pay his uncle back as soon as he can get a job.

Aziz asks for a sip of water. Murad hands over his bottle of Sidi Harazem and watches him take a swig. When Murad gets the bottle back, he offers the last bit to Faten, but she shakes her head. Murad was told he should keep his body hydrated, so he's been drinking water all day. He feels a sudden urge to urinate and leans forward to contain it.

Next to Aziz is a middle-aged man with greasy hair and a large scar across his cheek, like Al Pacino in Scarface. He wears jeans and a short-sleeved shirt. Murad heard him tell someone that he was a tennis instructor. His arms are muscular, his biceps bulging, but the energy he exudes is rough, like that of a man used to trouble with the law. Murad notices that Scarface has been staring at the little girl sitting next to him. She seems to be about ten years old, but the expression on her face is that of an older child. Her eyes, shiny under the moonlight, take up most of her face. Scarface asks her name. "Mouna," she says. He reaches into his pocket and offers her chewing gum, but the girl quickly shakes her head.

Her mother, Halima, asked Murad the time before they got on the boat, as though she were on a schedule. Now she gives Scarface a dark, forbidding look, wraps one arm around her daughter and the other around her two boys, seated to her right. Halima's gaze is direct, not shifty, like Faten's. She has an aura of quiet determination about her, and it stirs feelings of respect in Murad, even though he thinks her irresponsible, or at the very least foolish, for risking her children's lives on a trip like this.

On Aziz's right is a slender African woman, her cornrows tied in a loose ponytail. While they were waiting on the beach to depart, she peeled an orange and offered Murad half. She said she was Guinean. She cradles her body with her arms and rocks gently back and forth. Rahal barks at her to stop. She looks up, tries to stay immobile, and then throws up on Faten's boots. The girl cries out at the sight of her sullied shoes.

"Shut up," Rahal snaps.

The Guinean woman whispers an apology in French. Faten waves her hand that it's okay, says she understands. Soon the little boat reeks of vomit. Murad tucks his nose inside his turtleneck. It smells of soap and mint and it keeps out the stench but, within minutes, the putrid smell penetrates the shield anyway. Now Halima sits up and exhales loudly, her children still huddling next to her. Rahal glares at her, tells her to hunch down to keep the boat balanced.

"Leave her alone," Murad says.

Halima turns to him and smiles for the first time. He wonders what her plans are, whether she's meeting a husband or a brother there or if she'll end up cleaning houses or working in the fields. He thinks about some of the illegals who, instead of going on a boat, try to sneak in on vegetable trucks headed from Morocco to Spain. Last year, the Guardia Civil intercepted a tomato truck in Algeciras and found the bodies of three illegals, dead from asphyxiation, lying on the crates. At least on a boat there is no chance of that happening. He tries to think of something else, something to chase away the memory of the picture he saw in the paper.

The outboard motor idles. In the sudden silence, everyone turns to look at Rahal, collectively holding their breath. "Shit," he says between his teeth. He pulls the starter cable a few times, but nothing happens.

"What's wrong?" Faten asks, her voice laden with anxiety.

Rahal doesn't answer.

"Try again," Halima says.

Rahal yanks at the cable.

"This trip is cursed," Faten whispers. Everyone hears her.

Rahal bangs the motor with his hand. Faten recites a verse from the second Sura of the Qur'an: "God, there is no God but Him, the Alive, the Eternal. Neither slumber nor sleep overtaketh Him-"

"Quiet," Scarface yells. "We need some quiet to think." Looking at the captain he asks, "Is it the spark plug?"

"I don't know. I don't think so," says Rahal.

Faten continues to pray, this time more quietly, her lips moving fast. "Unto Him belongeth all that is in the heavens and the earth-"

Rahal yanks at the cable again.

Aziz calls out, "Wait, let me see." He gets on all fours, over the vomit, and moves slowly to keep the boat stable.

Faten starts crying, a long and drawn-out whine. All eyes are on her. Her hysteria is contagious, and Murad can hear someone sniffling at the other end of the boat.

"What are you crying for?" Scarface asks, leaning forward to look at her face.

"I'm afraid," she whimpers.

"Baraka!" he orders.

"Leave her be," Halima says, still holding her children close.

"Why did she come if she can't handle it?" he yells, pointing at Faten.

Murad pulls his shirt down from his face. "Who the hell do you think you are?" He's the first to be surprised by his anger. He's tense and ready for an argument.

"And who are you?" Scarface says. "Her protector?"

A cargo ship blows its horn, startling everyone. It glides in the distance, lights blinking.

"Stop it," Rahal yells. "Someone will hear us!"

Aziz examines the motor, pulls at the hose that connects it to the tank. "There's a gap here," he tells Rahal, and he points to the connector. "Do you have some tape?" Rahal opens his supplies box and takes out a roll of duct tape. Aziz quickly wraps some around the hose. The captain pulls the cable once, twice. Finally the motor wheezes painfully and the boat starts moving.

"Praise be to God," Faten says, ignoring Scarface's glares.

The crying stops and a grim peace falls on the boat.

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